4,301 research outputs found
The third pillar in Europe: institutional factors and individual decisions
This paper studies and documents household participation in voluntary individual retirement accounts (IRAs) in eleven European countries. Using recently available, internationally comparable data of households aged 50+, we calculate country-by-country average marginal effects of the probability to save in IRAs. We link the evidence from the micro data to the institutional differences in pension systems that prevail across the countries in our sample. Our results indicate that households' participation in the 'third pillar' varies substantially across countries, both due to institutional differences and household characteristics. Higher education is crucial for participation in countries with shorter traditions of IRAs where awareness matters most. Background risk due to expectations of future pension reforms as well as experience with occupational pensions increase voluntary retirement savings additionally for the currently employed individuals in our sample. --individual retirement accounts,pension reform,consumption and saving over the life-cycle
Child Welfare Partnership for Research and Training: A Title IV-E University/Community Collaborative Research Model
University-community partnerships are increasingly recognized as valuable in educating students for professional practice and bridging the gap between research and practice. This manuscript describes the evolution and design of a university-community partnership between a School of Social Work in one urban university and local child welfare agencies: the Child Welfare Partnership for Research and Training (CW-PART). This local partnership illustrates types of opportunities and outcomes that emerge when state and local entities leverage greater results from federal funding through partnerships with local universities. The manuscript describes 1), the community-engaged framework used to inform the overall approach and partner roles; 2) evolution of the model from early partnered research successes; 3) core elements of the CWPART university-community partnered research model, and 4) preliminary lessons learned from the pilot phase of model
Null Killing Vector Dimensional Reduction and Galilean Geometrodynamics
The solutions of Einstein's equations admitting one non-null Killing vector
field are best studied with the projection formalism of Geroch. When the
Killing vector is lightlike, the projection onto the orbit space still exists
and one expects a covariant theory with degenerate contravariant metric to
appear, its geometry is presented here. Despite the complications of
indecomposable representations of the local Euclidean subgroup, one obtains an
absolute time and a canonical, Galilean and so-called Newtonian, torsionless
connection. The quasi-Maxwell field (Kaluza Klein one-form) that appears in the
dimensional reduction is a non-separable part of this affine connection, in
contrast to the reduction with a non-null Killing vector. One may define the
Kaluza Klein scalar (dilaton) together with the absolute time coordinate after
having imposed one of the equations of motion in order to prevent the emergence
of torsion. We present a detailed analysis of the dimensional reduction using
moving frames, we derive the complete equations of motion and propose an action
whose variation gives rise to all but one of them. Hidden symmetries are shown
to act on the space of solutions.Comment: LATEX, 41 pages, no figure
Optimal savings for retirement: The role of individual accounts and disaster expectations
We employ a life-cycle model with income risk to analyze how tax-deferred individual accounts affect households' savings for retirement. We consider voluntary accounts as opposed to mandatory accounts with minimum contribution rates. We contrast add-on accounts with carve-out accounts that partly replace social security contributions. Quantitative results suggest that making add-on accounts mandatory has adverse welfare effects across income groups. Carve-out accounts generate welfare gains for high and middle income earners but welfare losses for low income earners. In the presence of rare stock market disasters, individual accounts with default portfolio allocation crowd out direct stockholding and substantially reduce welfare. --individual retirement accounts,household portfolio choice,consumption and saving over the life-cycle
Estimation de position de bateaux depuis l'espace à l'aide des signaux AIS
International audienceLes signaux AIS sont échangés par des bateaux en visibilité afin d'améliorer la sécurité en mer. Dans le contexte de la surveillance depuis l'espace, l'exploitation de ces signaux permet d'améliorer le contrôle des routes maritimes. Cette exploitation passe par la séparation des différents messages reçus dans le même espace temps-fréquence par le satellite. Dans cet article nous exploitons la partie commune des séquences AIS afin d'estimer la position des sources émettrices. L'estimateur proposé est basé sur la corrélation spatiale et ses performances sont quantifiées
New in vitro colonic fermentation model for Salmonella infection in the child gut
The definitive version is available at ww3.interscience.wiley.comInternational audienceIn this study, a new in vitro continuous colonic fermentation model of Salmonella infection with immobilized child fecal microbiota and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was developed for the proximal colon. This model was then used to test the effects of two amoxicillin concentrations (90 and 180 mg day(-1)) on the microbial composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota and on Salmonella serovar Typhimurium during a 43-day fermentation. Addition of gel beads (2%, v/v) colonized with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in the reactor resulted in a high and stable Salmonella concentration (log 7.5 cell number mL(-1)) in effluent samples, and a concomitant increase of Enterobacteriaeceae, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale and Atopobium populations and a decrease of bifidobacteria. During amoxicillin treatments, Salmonella concentrations decreased while microbial balance and activity were modified in agreement with in vivo data, with a marked decrease in C. coccoides-E. rectale and an increase in Enterobacteriaceae. After interruption of antibiotic addition, Salmonella concentration again increased to reach values comparable to that measured before antibiotic treatments, showing that our model can be used to simulate Salmonella shedding in children as observed in vivo. This in vitro model could be a useful tool for developing and testing new antimicrobials against enteropathogens
New in vitro colonic fermentation model for Salmonella infection in the child gut
In this study, a new in vitro continuous colonic fermentation model of Salmonella infection with immobilized child fecal microbiota and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was developed for the proximal colon. This model was then used to test the effects of two amoxicillin concentrations (90 and 180 mg day−1) on the microbial composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota and on Salmonella serovar Typhimurium during a 43-day fermentation. Addition of gel beads (2%, v/v) colonized with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in the reactor resulted in a high and stable Salmonella concentration (log 7.5 cell number mL−1) in effluent samples, and a concomitant increase of Enterobacteriaeceae, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale and Atopobium populations and a decrease of bifidobacteria. During amoxicillin treatments, Salmonella concentrations decreased while microbial balance and activity were modified in agreement with in vivo data, with a marked decrease in C. coccoides-E. rectale and an increase in Enterobacteriaceae. After interruption of antibiotic addition, Salmonella concentration again increased to reach values comparable to that measured before antibiotic treatments, showing that our model can be used to simulate Salmonella shedding in children as observed in vivo. This in vitro model could be a useful tool for developing and testing new antimicrobials against enteropathogen
Smokers’ reports on receiving a doctor’s advice to quit smoking; receiving the advice is more prevalent among smokers with Crohn’s Disease relative to smokers with Ulcerative Colitis
Receiving a doctor’s advice to quit smoking is an important predictor for improving smokers’ intentions to quit smoking and successful smoking cessation. We examined reports of smokers with Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) regarding receiving a doctor’s advice to quit smoking in the past 12 months, and eval-uated the differences in the rates of receiving the advice between the CD and UC patients. The data were retrospectively reported by CD and UC patients (n = 453) who self-identified as current smokers in online assessments conducted by IBD Partners in the period from 2011 to 2014 in the USA. Statistical methods included chi-square tests and a multiple logistic regression model for the logit of the probability of receiving the advice as a function of patient’s characteristics and assessment year. Overall, about 77% of smokers reported receiving a doctor’s advice to quit smoking. The percentage was significantly (p \u3c 0.001) higher among smokers with CD (80%) than it was among smokers with UC (63%). While the specificdifferences by CD/UC depended on smoking initiation age, the overall effect of disease type on the odds of receiving the advice remained significant: the odds of receiving the advice were higher for smokers with CD relative to smokers with UC (OR = 3.6, p \u3c 0.001). Although the majority of CD and UC patients report receiving a doctor’s advice to quit smoking, the encountered difference associated with the disease type is concerning. Because long-term smoking increases cancer and mortality risks, doctors should address smoking cessation with all patients who smoke
From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models
Dogwhistles are coded expressions that simultaneously convey one meaning to a
broad audience and a second one, often hateful or provocative, to a narrow
in-group; they are deployed to evade both political repercussions and
algorithmic content moderation. For example, in the sentence 'we need to end
the cosmopolitan experiment,' the word 'cosmopolitan' likely means 'worldly' to
many, but secretly means 'Jewish' to a select few. We present the first
large-scale computational investigation of dogwhistles. We develop a typology
of dogwhistles, curate the largest-to-date glossary of over 300 dogwhistles
with rich contextual information and examples, and analyze their usage in
historical U.S. politicians' speeches. We then assess whether a large language
model (GPT-3) can identify dogwhistles and their meanings, and find that
GPT-3's performance varies widely across types of dogwhistles and targeted
groups. Finally, we show that harmful content containing dogwhistles avoids
toxicity detection, highlighting online risks of such coded language. This work
sheds light on the theoretical and applied importance of dogwhistles in both
NLP and computational social science, and provides resources for future
research in modeling dogwhistles and mitigating their online harms.Comment: ACL 2023, see https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/ for the glossary and
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